The objective of the research study was to systematize the current knowledge on the profile, chemical composition, and biological activity of Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) fruit as well as on the technological application of fruit and seeds. The results of many studies also confirm therapeutic properties of Chaenomeles japonica fruit and extracts. The fruit of Japanese quince contains polyphenolic compounds: flavan-3-ols (catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidin oligomers). The major phenolic compounds in fruit, proanthocyanidins, show potential anticancer properties. The quince fruit has a high amount of organic acids, dietary fibre, pectins, and vitamin C. It belongs to the group of fruits with a low content of monosaccharides and the glucose and fructose proportion therein is good. The quince fruit can be used as a natural acidifying component. Owing to its low pH (2.4 ÷ 2.9) value, it is not suitable for direct consumption. The unique sensory qualities of this fruit cause that it has a wide scope of applications in the food industry, i.e. in producing juices, jams, purees and candied fruits. Moreover, it is added to teas, yogurts, lemonades, ice cream, cottage cheese, and confectionery products in order to improve sensory properties thereof. It is successfully applied as a component of compound food preserves since it gives them an attractive original taste and flavour. The seeds of the Japanese quince fruit are a valuable waste material obtained while processing the fruit; they can be utilized to produce a cold-pressed oil. The Chaenomeles japonica seed oil is characterized by a low content of primary and secondary oxidation products and its composition is comparable to the commonly used oils.